Transcript levels of MyD88, an adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptor (TLR)s signalling were significantly higher in APL mice (Figure 5G) treated with pVAX14+ATRA compared to mice treated with ATRA alone (p < 0.0002) as well as in the pVAX14-treated group of HR-MDS mice (Figure 5H) compared to the placebo-treated control (p < 0.05). Here, MYD88 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.