Astaxanthin mediates the inhibition of the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma CBRH-7919 cells which down-regulates the anti-apoptotic gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, while also enhancing the pro-apoptotic gene expression of Bax resulting in apoptosis [99]. The gene discussed is JAK1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.