INS and diabetes mellitus: Leptin, insulin, and percentage of diabetes were similarly lowest in Ghanaians (26.5 ± 21.0 μg/L, 100.1 ± 44.3 pmol/L, and 1 %, respectively) and highest in the US (41.4 ± 19.2 μg/L, 170.0 ± 83.2 pmol/L, and 13 %, respectively).