CAV1 and energy intake: Although there was in vitro study indicating that β-carotene may act as a growth-inhibitory agent in PCa cells by modulating the caveolin-1 pathway [62], subsequent big data from the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention(ATBC) Study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, suggested that serum β-carotene, serum retinol, and supplemental β-carotene had no apparent effects on PCa patients’ survival [63].