AR and prostate cancer: However, prostate cancer cells derived from castrated patients, such as LNCaP, LAPC-4, MDA-PC-2B, VCAP, and so on, are dependent upon androgens for growth and proliferation, and they are thought to have mechanisms of castration resistance (including AR mutation, amplification, and constitutively active splice variants) as a strategy to survive in the presence of castrate levels of androgen [66–69].