NFE2L2 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: These findings implicating Nrf2 are in accord with prior studies showing that Nrf2 knockout mice are more sensitive to bleomycin and paraquat-induced lung injury than their wild-type counterparts, that primary lung fibroblasts isolated from IPF patients, as compared to healthy controls, have decreased Nrf2 expression and a myofibroblast (pro-fibrotic) differentiated phenotype, and that treatment with sulfaphane, an Nrf2 activator, increases antioxidant levels that results in decreased ROS levels, myofibroblastic de-differentiation, and TGF-β profibrotic effects.