Genetic alterations in PI3K pathway has been found to be one of the critical signalling pathways resulting in the manifestation of gliomas and is also one of the pathways stringently regulated by the IL-4 signalling pathway36, 39, 41 which leads us to consider the upstream effectors of such critical pathways which may be deregulated due to autoimmune responses in addition to known genetic mutations. Here, IL4 is linked to glioma.