TNF and vitiligo: We detected significantly increased TNF-α concentration and decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the serum of vitiligo patients compared with controls (29.451 ± 4.748 ng/ml vs. 66.500 ± 17.805 ng/ml, P = 0.022 for TNF-α; 20.649 ± 9.514 vs. 6.375 ± 1.885 ng/ml, P = 0.019 for IL-10; 7258.105 ± 687.912 ng/ml vs. 5895.036 ± 365.716 ng/ml, P = 0.004 for TGF-β1; Fig. 4a,e,g).