Importantly, we demonstrated that blocking IL-9 using a neutralizing anti-IL-9 mAb at the time of GITR stimulation abrogated the effects of anti-GITR mAb in protection against cancer in the lungs (Fig. 8b), thus establishing a key role for IL-9 in the anti-tumour immunity in this model. Here, TNFRSF18 is linked to neoplasm.