Interestingly, blockade of PD-1 pathway in PD-L1+ cell (e.g., B-LCL, OCI-Ly-10)-T cell co-culture system produced more IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, and TNF-α, than those in PD-L1- SU-DHL-4-T cell co-culture system, indicating a more dramastic effect of PD-1 blockade in EBV+DLBCL. Here, TNF is linked to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.