CDH2 and cancer: In order to investigate if activation of AMPK plays a role in regulating sensitivity of metformin-mediated antitumor activities in cancer cells with N-cadherin expression, shAMPK was transfected into PC3 to generate a stable AMPK-knock-out PC3 cancer cells (PC3/shAMPK), and pAMPK expression was adequately suppressed (relative ratio of 1:0.48 in shcontrol vs. shAMPK – Fig. 2D).