EpCAM expression was higher in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (84.6% in ER- cancers versus 74.5% in ER+ cancers, P < 0.0001; Table 1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) cases (82.5% in HER2+ cancers versus 74.6% in HER2- cancers, P < 0.05; Table 1). Here, ESR1 is linked to cancer.