FGF2 and stroke disorder: FGF2 and IGF-1 also have an anti-inflammatory effect, by reducing the blood-brain barrier permeability at 4 h after stroke, suppressing the serum levels of cytokines including IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α [72, 73], and stimulating DNA repair, metabolic homeostasis, cytoskeletal stability, and cholesterol biosynthesis [74].