Proteins upregulated (by about 1.2–2.4-fold) in cultured AF-MSCs compared to differentiated cells included prohibitin (involved in cell development), chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (involved in cellular processes regulation), protein enabled homolog (involved in cell structure reorganization), or Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 (involved in cell motility and signalling). Here, ARHGDIA is linked to atrial fibrillation.