TNF and urinary bladder cancer: Type 1 (proinflammatory) macrophages cocultured with human bladder cancer cells arrested cancer cell growth and increased TNFα expression and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway activity when compared to cancer cells grown alone and cancer cells cocultured with type 2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages [43].