The HMGB1 inside the cell (nucleus or cytosol) is completely reduced, and early prevalence of fully reduced HMGB1 and subsequenct appearance of disulfide HMGB1 were observed in models of brain, muscle, or liver injuries and in patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (19, 39, 41). The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is juvenile idiopathic arthritis.