VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: Concerning the inflammatory markers, hsCRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, TNF-α, and IFN-γ showed a significant increase in patients with atherosclerosis compared to health controls (P < 0.05), whereas the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) (Table 3, Figure 1).