Two other oil-in-water nanoemulsions, when formulated with smallpox, HIV-1, influenza, or hepatitis B antigens and delivered intranasally, mediated the production of not only robust virus neutralizing antibodies, but also IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as elevated IgG2a and mucosal IgA levels. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is influenza.