IL23A and neoplasm: In a human hepatocellular carcinoma study, it was shown that monocytes/macrophages recently activated in the tumor-microenvironment efficiently induced the development of Tc17 cells and that this development could be blocked by antibodies directed against IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 [49], suggesting that TGFβ is not required in humans for Tc17 development.