Overexpression of −308A TNF-α protein may also be responsible for promoting a proinflammatory state in benzene-exposed workers; one study showed that only the −238 TNF-α and not the −308A TNF-α polymorphism was significantly associated with the development of benzene-induced dysplasia and not with an increased risk of MDS [39]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome.