Immunohistochemical (DAB staining) analysis of progression tissue microarrays (TMAs) including normal breast tissue, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 3 groups of invasive ductal carcinomas (ER positive; HER2 positive; or TN) indicated that levels of total VASP are not indicative for progression (Figs. 2B and 2C). Here, VASP is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.