Not only did we find that S. mansoni infection was associated with an increased systemic (blood) frequency of Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells, but functional analysis of blood Th17 cells demonstrated that S. mansoni infection was associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-22 and IFNγ, a characteristic associated with selective depletion during HIV infection [25]. Here, IFNG is linked to HIV infectious disease.