TNF and infection: The subsequent screening of effectors restoring TOE-A4 (TOE-A4/nleE, TOE-A4/nleB, and TOE-A4/espL) only indicated that NleE inhibited IL-1β.This finding may be because cells were only being challenged by added pathogens during infection, instead of the addition of other stimuli such as TNF-α, whose signal pathway has been shown to be inhibited specifically by NleB [24].