AOC3 and infection: Recent analyses revealed that suppression of Gr-VAP1 expression by dsRNA in G. rostochiensis results in reduced infection, and ectopic overexpression of Gr-VAP1 and VAPs from the Arabidopsis-infective cyst nematode H. schachtii (Hs-VAP1 and Hs-VAP2) enhanced infection by H. schachtii (Lozano-Torres et al., 2014).