ERBB2 and breast carcinoma: Additionally, many other markers have been used to determine the prognosis of breast cancer, and among the commonly used markers are whether the tumors are negative or positive for the presence of the following proteins: progesterone and estrogen receptors (PR and ER, respectively), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), the nuclear protein Ki-67 and the tumor suppressor p53 [8–10].