In agreement with our findings, TSC isolated from a breast cancer model were shown to express high levels of the stem cell marker Sca-1 and to display a near complete loss of spontaneous metastasis [59], an effect associated with decreased expression of TGFβ2 and reduced activation of the TGFβ signaling pathway in spheres [59]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is breast carcinoma.