Multiple factors in addition to MEF2 and GATA4 contribute to hypertrophy and DCM; these include serum response factor, AP-1, nuclear factor of activated T cells, NFkB, SMAD transcription factors, Nkx2-5, myocardin and Akt-TORC1, (reviewed in [42, 43]). This evidence concerns the gene CRTC1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.