After controlling for demographic and HIV-related factors (age, exposure categories for HIV infection, CDC stage C, HAART, CD4+ T-cell Nadir count, and presence of HPV infection), only subjects harboring HR-HPV remained significantly at risk for atypical cytology compared with HPV-negative individuals (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.48; 95%CI: 3.54–20.47) (Table 3(a)). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.