Through this analysis we found that a subset of patients of various cancer types have a tendency to show either CALR gene copy-number deletions (8 out of 94 total analyses; especially in kidney cancer and lung cancer) or, more importantly, CALR mRNA under-expression (44 out of 360 total analyses; especially in bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, leukaemia, liver cancer, lymphoma, ovarian cancer and sarcoma) in tumoural tissues relative to corresponding normal tissues (Fig. 5A). This evidence concerns the gene CALR and urinary bladder cancer.