TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: 173 The opposite approach is required for the TNFα pathway, where biologics have been developed to block TNFα itself or TNFR1, preventing downstream activation of the NF-κB pathway and/or apoptosis induction and providing effective treatment for a number of inflammatory diseases, including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis and septic shock.174, 175, 176 TNFα-induced necroptosis has been implicated in a number of pathophysiological conditions such as Crohn's disease99 (reviewed by Linkermann and Green177); thus, TNFα blockade may prove to be therapeutically beneficial in these situations.