TNF and Obesity: Obesity, a state of low-grade chronic inflammation with elevated adiposity-related inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein, may contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis and confound the results in the present study.20,24 Although no data on weight or waist circumference were included because of the NHIRD limitation, we applied comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes as metabolic surrogate markers in the adjusted regression models.