In vitro, the production of the chemokine CXCL-8 (IL-8) by endothelial monolayers is diminished by adenosine [52], and in a murine LPS-induced lung injury model, the level of CXCL2/3 (i.e. the murine paralog of IL-8), a chemokine that promotes PMN and macrophage recruitment during murine pneumococcal infection [20], is diminished by A1 receptor stimulation [48]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL2 and pneumococcal infection.