AMFR and neoplasm: Extracellular AMF binds to its receptor, autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (AMFR), a 78-kDa seven-transmembrane glycoprotein [24, 25], and subsequently stimulates numerous signaling pathways, including those governed by protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase, the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA, and downstream JNK [26–28]; receptor binding also leads to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, thereby regulating the proliferative and angiogenic activities of tumor cells [29–32].