No significant difference inN-cadherin expression was observed between ectopic endometria in the proliferative and secretory phases (Fig. 5d-f, p > 0.05); however, ectopic endometria of adenomyosis in both the proliferative and secretory phases showed significantly increased N-cadherin expression compared with normal endometria (Fig. 5f, p < 0.01). The gene discussed is CDH17; the disease is adenomyosis.