Levels of PLGF, T-AOC and PLGF/sFlt-1 were significantly reduced in study participants with PE co-existing with IUFD, placental abruptio, placental previa, HELLP syndrome and IUGR compared to PE without adverse outcome (p = 0.0013, p = 0.006, p < 0.0001 respectively) (Fig. 2). Here, PGF is linked to fetal growth restriction.