Interestingly, glial cells taken during surgery from patients with intractable epilepsy have reduced Kir currents.92 Loss-of-function mutation of Kir4.1 has also been shown to be associated with seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SeSAME) and epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, and tubulopathy (EAST) syndromes.93, –95 No current modulators are available for these channels. The gene discussed is KCNJ10; the disease is Ataxia.