TNF and viral infectious disease: Our initial analysis of viral infection responsive genes derived from our M(IFNγ + LPS, TNFα) signature retrieved TNFSF10, ISG15, OAS2 and OASL. For example, we found that the expression levels of TNFSF10 (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10, commonly known as TRAIL), obtained from the M(IFNγ + LPS, TNFα) signature, could discriminate the severe cases of hemorrhagic dengue.