Loss-of-function variants of TLR4 have been associated with decreased time-to-metastasis amongst 280 women with non-metastatic breast carcinoma treated with surgery followed by anthracycline-based chemotherapy and local irradiation (43), with reduced disease-free and overall survival amongst 188 head and neck cancer patients receiving adjuvant systemic therapy (207), amongst 72 melanoma patients vaccinated with a heat-shocked allogeneic melanoma cell line (208), and amongst 622 melanoma patients subjected to various treatment modalities (209). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is melanoma.