Thus, the ability of anthracyclines to cause bona fide ICD is lost when cancer cells are rendered autophagy-deficient by genetic manipulations or engineered to overexpress ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1, best known as CD39), an enzyme that degrades extracellular ATP (42, 129). This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and cancer.