However, there is evidence to suggest that AGS3/GPSM1 regulates macroautophagy, an emerging mode of action that promotes tubular epithelial cell recovery following AKI, by direct interaction with Gαi3 subunits (Pattingre et al., 2003, 2004; Ghosh et al., 2010; Groves et al., 2010). Here, GPSM1 is linked to acute kidney injury.