In these subtypes of renal cancer, genomic DNA containing either AGS11/TFE3 (Meloni et al., 1993; Weterman et al., 1996a,b) or AGS12/TFEB (Kuiper et al., 2003) are abnormally translocated or inverted into other genes (Weterman et al., 2000, 2001; Mathur and Samuels, 2007), and this is associated with nuclear localization of AGS11/TFE3 and to a lesser extent, AGS12/TFEB. The gene discussed is TFE3; the disease is renal carcinoma.