In T2DM patients, Yamashita et al. demonstrated that FOS at a dose of 8 g per day for 14 days resulted in a reduction of serum glucose, while Alles et al. showed that daily consumption of FOS at 15 g for 20 days had no effect on serum glucose level (Yamashita et al., 1984; Alles et al., 1999). The gene discussed is FOS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.