LRRK2 and neurodegenerative disease: Conversely, LRRK2 was implicated in early neuronal death (Chen et al., 2012; Chou et al., 2014) while SIRT3 may exert neuroprotection by avoiding mitochondrial fragmentation in ALS mouse (Song et al., 2013), indicating the complex role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases (Mühling et al., 2014).