The JAK/STAT3, MAPK/ERK or PI3K pathways are three effectors putatively activated by LIF signaling [15, 16, 33] and may be involved in the regulation of Mcl-1 expression in the IL-6-mediated resistance to apoptosis in CCA [9, 10, 33]. The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.