TNF and diabetes mellitus: Because cytokines stimulate iNOS expression by β-cells [31,32,33], and EMCV-induced diabetes is attenuated by inhibitors of iNOS and antibodies that neutralize cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF [28], EMCV-induced diabetes is likely mediated by cytokine-stimulated iNOS expression and nitric oxide production by pancreatic β-cells that results in the loss of insulin secretion and β-cell viability.