These secondary signaling cascades include p38 and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) for COX-2 expression [8,58], extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) for IL-1 expression [59], and calcium independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) for iNOS expression [60,61,62] in response to EMCV infection or treatment with dsRNA (summarized in Figure 1). Here, NOS2 is linked to infection.