APOA1 and diabetes mellitus: In this study, we prospectively evaluated the association and correlation of serum metabolic markers, including adiponectin, leptin, apo-A, and apo-B, in patients with type 2 diabetes with varying grades of DR in a nested case-control study within the South East London-Diabetic Retinopathy Study (SEL-DRS), which is a cross-sectional study, examining the association of DR and a range of metabolic risk factors in patients with diabetes, receiving retinal screening and eye care and residing in three boroughs of South East London [21].