TNFRSF1A and Parkinson disease: Upregulation of inflammatory mediators involved in apoptotic cell death through TNF-α-induced signaling pathway, including caspase-1, caspase-3, and TNF receptor R1 (TNF-R1 or p55), was identified in the substantia nigra from Parkinsonian patients, indicating the occurrence of a proapoptotic environment in PD [25].