PTEN and cancer: Although PTEN inactivation is observed in around 4 % of the advanced cancers, it is worthy of note that the other inactivation mechanisms in this proliferative pathway and which promote tumor growth and development have recently been reported in significant percentages (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk, [32–34]), which will open up important expectations for the use of selective blockers and inhibitors of this pathway as a targeted therapy in patients with advanced gallbladder cancers [35–37].