PCA3 is reported to be 10–100-fold overexpressed in prostate tumours [16, 17], but in our previous studies, we have seen values of this magnitude only when carcinomas were compared to prostates without clinical prostate cancer [9] and a 5.8-fold increase of PCA3 expression in tumours was observed when they were compared to benign areas of cancerous prostates [8]. Here, PCA3 is linked to carcinoma.