APP and Cognitive impairment: Because activation of astrocytes and microglia in mutant APP-expressing mice aggravate neurodegenerative milieu by pro-inflammatory mediators, resulting in cognitive impairment [36, 37], we performed staining with GFAP and the microglial markers Iba1, CD11b, and F4/80 to examine the effects of hNSC transplantation on neuroinflammation in NSE/APPsw transgenic mice.