HAMP and anemia: As expected, humans and mice infected with malaria have elevated plasma hepcidin levels, which correlate positively with parasitemia and plasma IL-6 [75–78], but patients with the most severe anemia in the context of P. falciparum infection have reduced hepcidin levels, perhaps suggesting negative feedback, such as the effect of compensatory erythropoiesis, on hepcidin expression [75].