Using antibody bound to live M1 and M23 cells, Iorio's group found that while NMO serum bound to 100% of the AQP4 in live cell membranes, only 47% of the NMO sera reacted with peptides originating from loops A, C, and E using ELISA and Western Blot, with the detected loop C antibody being highly specific to NMO. The gene discussed is AQP4; the disease is neuromyelitis optica.